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whatIsIt: Concepts of Biology (OpenStax, Rice University), part 3 of 3, pages 409 to 613 of the 613-page PDF. Chapters 16 to 21, appendices and index (units 5 and 6: animal structure and function; ecology).
provenance: |
  Published by OpenStax, Rice University, Houston, Texas. Senior contributing authors
  Samantha Fowler (Clayton State University), Rebecca Roush (Sandhills Community College)
  and James Wise (Hampton University). Digital version ISBN-13 978-1-947172-03-6, first
  published 2013. The PDF states "(c) 2026 Rice University" and licenses the content under
  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
  Access for free at openstax.org: https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology
acquisition: |
  The complete PDF was downloaded on 1 November 2026 from
  https://assets.openstax.org/oscms-prodcms/media/documents/Concepts-Biology_-_WEB.pdf,
  as recorded in the file's download metadata: 185,858,638 bytes, 613 pages, SHA-256
  da0ffc8585e172f04eb0abb08949087baf85cc229ef2736ef06e5aa17094b1f6. It is larger than
  Makare's 90 MiB limit per submission, so it was split into three records by page range
  with pypdf 5.1.0. Pages were copied without re-encoding text or images. Each part's text
  and image count were checked against the same pages of the original. This part is
  44018956 bytes, SHA-256 d2347a8c858bc0f1e5eb065cd1eab371e09aee7dffa632b984e32499a21710f3.
chainOfCustody: |
  Typeset by OpenStax with Prince 16.2; the PDF records a creation date of 9 June 2026.
  Served by OpenStax's asset host, downloaded once, split locally and deposited. Nothing
  else touched the file.
knownGaps: |
  This is one of three parts; the other two are separate Makare records. Because the
  parts are new files, their hashes differ from the original PDF's, and joining them will
  not reproduce the original byte for byte. Links in the table of contents and index that
  point to pages in another part were removed; links within this part and to websites were
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  "Access for free at openstax.org." appears in the footer of every other page. OpenStax
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  not checked for accuracy by this archive.
tier: secondary_compilation
notPeerReviewed: true
submitter: anonymous
---

> This material has not been subjected to the scientific method and has not been peer reviewed. It is compiled from other sources; verify those sources independently.

Concepts of Biology is a free introductory college textbook for students who are not
majoring in biology. It runs from the chemistry and structure of cells, through
genetics, molecular biology and evolution, to the diversity of life, the human body and
ecology.

This record holds part 3 of 3: pages 409 to 613. Chapters 16 to 21, appendices and index (units 5 and 6: animal structure and function; ecology). It is shared unchanged under
OpenStax's licence, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, for noncommercial use, with attribution to OpenStax,
Rice University. Access for free at openstax.org.

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Submission ID: a0e1508c69e1cb6435c62f93b7a7899ff76075763d989c20414ba73480797414
Submitted: 2026-11-01T18:40:15.364Z
Submitter name is self-reported and has not been verified.