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whatIsIt: Concepts of Biology (OpenStax, Rice University), part 2 of 3, pages 211 to 408 of the 613-page PDF. Chapters 9 to 15 (units 3 and 4: molecular biology and biotechnology; evolution and the diversity of life).
provenance: |
  Published by OpenStax, Rice University, Houston, Texas. Senior contributing authors
  Samantha Fowler (Clayton State University), Rebecca Roush (Sandhills Community College)
  and James Wise (Hampton University). Digital version ISBN-13 978-1-947172-03-6, first
  published 2013. The PDF states "(c) 2026 Rice University" and licenses the content under
  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
  Access for free at openstax.org: https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology
acquisition: |
  The complete PDF was downloaded on 1 November 2026 from
  https://assets.openstax.org/oscms-prodcms/media/documents/Concepts-Biology_-_WEB.pdf,
  as recorded in the file's download metadata: 185,858,638 bytes, 613 pages, SHA-256
  da0ffc8585e172f04eb0abb08949087baf85cc229ef2736ef06e5aa17094b1f6. It is larger than
  Makare's 90 MiB limit per submission, so it was split into three records by page range
  with pypdf 5.1.0. Pages were copied without re-encoding text or images. Each part's text
  and image count were checked against the same pages of the original. This part is
  53070137 bytes, SHA-256 5874750ad322f2733104cb6128cbc7c384f901c3f774b3e84de93a9566966c12.
chainOfCustody: |
  Typeset by OpenStax with Prince 16.2; the PDF records a creation date of 9 June 2026.
  Served by OpenStax's asset host, downloaded once, split locally and deposited. Nothing
  else touched the file.
knownGaps: |
  This is one of three parts; the other two are separate Makare records. Because the
  parts are new files, their hashes differ from the original PDF's, and joining them will
  not reproduce the original byte for byte. Links in the table of contents and index that
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tier: secondary_compilation
notPeerReviewed: true
submitter: anonymous
---

> This material has not been subjected to the scientific method and has not been peer reviewed. It is compiled from other sources; verify those sources independently.

Concepts of Biology is a free introductory college textbook for students who are not
majoring in biology. It runs from the chemistry and structure of cells, through
genetics, molecular biology and evolution, to the diversity of life, the human body and
ecology.

This record holds part 2 of 3: pages 211 to 408. Chapters 9 to 15 (units 3 and 4: molecular biology and biotechnology; evolution and the diversity of life). It is shared unchanged under
OpenStax's licence, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, for noncommercial use, with attribution to OpenStax,
Rice University. Access for free at openstax.org.

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Submission ID: 0fd4229591e9884b77a77646adc1c33bf01880b47850e0951e1d481a3bbdd247
Submitted: 2026-11-01T18:40:08.273Z
Submitter name is self-reported and has not been verified.